Howar Gadner è uno psicologo statunitense tuttora in vita. Infatti è nato nel 1943 ed è Professore presso la Harvard University nel Massachusetts.
La sua fama è dovuta ai suoi studi che hanno portato a una ridefinizione dell’intelligenza. Prima del 1983, anno in cui esce il suo libro Frames of the Mind, l’intelligenza era considerata come un’entità unica e misurabile con il Q.I.
Secondo Gadner, questa visione tradizionale dell’intelligenza è un po’ troppo limitata per spiegare il potenziale umano che lui individua prima in 7 e poi in 9 intelligenze diverse indipendenti tra loro e situate in parti diverse del cervello.
Lo svilupparsi di ciascuna intelligenza e il raggiungimento di livelli più o meno alti, dipende in parte da fattori genetici, ma anche dalle occasioni di apprendimento che si hanno nel proprio contesto culturale.
Non basta, quindi, individuare le inclinazioni personali, ma è necessario allenarle per svilupparle.
Le 7 intelligenze
Quali sono queste intelligenze? Vediamo le 7 principali:
- Intelligenza linguistica corrisponde all’abilità di utilizzare un vocabolario vario ed efficace nonché di modificare il registro linguistico a seconda delle necessità. Per svilupparla in tuo figlio, invitalo a raccontarti delle storie
- Intelligenza logico-matematica che riguarda il ragionamento logico- deduttivo e la schematizzazione. Per stimolarla bisogna chiedere al ragazzo di fare e verificare ipotesi
- Intelligenza musicale. È la capacità di riconoscere e distinguere l’altezza dei suoni e le costruzioni armoniche. Naturalmente la possiedono prevalentemente i compositori, i musicisti e i cantanti. Nei bambini la si può sviluppare facendogli creare melodie ed esplorando i suoni.
- Intelligenza spaziale. E’ l’intelligenza che ci permette di percepire forme e oggetti nello spazio. Chi ce l’ha particolarmente sviluppata ha buona memoria per i dettagli, per le caratteristiche delle persone e sa orientarsi molto bene anche in luoghi intricati. Per svilupparla nei nostri ragazzi ci sono le costruzioni con i cubetti per i più piccoli e l’orienteering per i più grandicelli.
- Intelligenza corporea-cinestetica. Tipica dei ballerini, dei coreografi ma anche degli artigiani perché permette di coordinare bene i movimenti. Per svilupparla nei bambini è importante farli ballare o inventare coreografie.
- Intelligenza Interpersonale. Questa è la capacità di comprendere gli altri, le loro esigenze, paure e desideri nascosti. Tipica dei leader e degli imprenditori. Se tuo figlio ha una propensione per la leadership o la capacità di appianare situazioni, molto probabilmente ce l’ha particolarmente sviluppata.
- Intelligenza intrapersonale. Significa capire sé stessi, le proprie caratteristiche ed utilizzarle ottenere risultati migliori nella vita personale, ma anche di sapersi immedesimare in ruoli e sentimenti diversi come fanno gli attori. Sviluppare quest’ultima intelligenza è particolarmente importante per i nostri ragazzi perché permette una buona conoscenza di sé. Significa essere consapevoli, individuare e gestire i propri punti di forza di debolezza. Per potenziarla puoi incoraggiare tuo figlio a tenere un diario.
Come detto all’inizio queste intelligenze hanno una parte di origine genetica, ma non sono immobili: possono essere sviluppate mediante l’esercizio e l’aiuto di chi circonda i ragazzi: noi mamme che siamo le prime educatrici e poi gli insegnanti.
Nei miei ragazzi riconosco soprattutto le intelligenze verbali e interpersonali (nel grande) musicale e corporeo-cinestesica nel piccolo.
E tu? quali intelligenze riconosci in tuo figlio: fammelo sapere qui sotto o sulla pagina facebook di Strategie BES
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