Si parla molto di inclusione scolastica, ma non sempre è chiaro per noi genitori cosa voglia dire nella pratica.
Cosa intendiamo noi per inclusione?
Allora iniziamo dalla definizione che troviamo sul dizionario della Treccani:
incluṡióne s. f. [dal lat. inclusio –onis]. – 1. a. L’atto, il fatto di includere, cioè di inserire, di comprendere in una serie, in un tutto (spesso contrapp. a esclusione)
Tradotto in ambito scolastico, significa inserire uno studente in un tutto.
Come vogliamo che nostro figlio venga incluso in questo tutto?, ma soprattutto nella sua classe?
Il nostro desiderio è che, non sia emarginato. Che i compagni lo inseriscano nelle loro attività (dentro e fuori la classe), che venga considerato un loro pari anche se ha delle verifiche differenziate o se usa la calcolatrice. Che gli insegnanti utilizzino una didattica che lo aiuti a progredire nonostante le sue peculiarità. Che possa partecipare alle gite con i suoi amici anche se le sue caratteristiche possono renderlo difficile.
Insomma che i nostri figli possano vivere in un microcosmo scolastico (in primis, e nella società dopo) disponibile ad aprirsi ai bisogni di ognuno.
Tanta roba.
Purtroppo, non viviamo in un mondo fatato, anzi, inclusione e integrazione sono parole in cui ci si può perdere dentro, ma in realtà le guardiamo da fuori. E’ necessaria più formazione nei confronti delle differenze e delle disabilità, tra gli alunni, ma anche tra gli insegnanti.
La scuola italiana, però, promuove l’inclusione da oltre 40 anni, dall’approvazione della Legge n. 517 del 1977 che ha soppresso le scuole speciali e delle classi differenziali.
Come si articola l’inclusione scolastica
…possiamo considerare l’inclusione scolastica come il
tentativo di rispettare le necessità o esigenze di tutti,
progettando ed organizzando gli ambienti di
apprendimento e le attività, in modo da permettere a
ciascuno di partecipare alla vita di classe ed
all’apprendimento, nella maniera più attiva, autonoma ed
utile possibile (per sé e per gli altri). Christian Pagliaccio
Tanta roba.
Questo vale per tutti gli studenti: da coloro che sono “normali” a quelli con una disabilità intellettiva o motoria. Per gli studenti con difficoltà dell’apprendimento o disturbi emozionali o comportamentali. Significa anche includere le differenze sociali, culturali o altre situazioni di difficoltà.
In questo senso quindi, ogni ragazzo ha le sue peculiarità e i suoi bisogni educativi speciali quindi la scuola deve far sì che ogni bambino, indipendentemente dalle sue peculiarità, possa frequentare bene la stessa classe dei suoi coetanei avvalendosi degli aiuti di cui ha bisogno.
Per fortuna sono molti gli strumenti didattici a disposizione degli insegnanti: una didattica meno strutturata come lezione frontale, ma più costruttivista per esempio. Adattare i compiti agli stili di apprendimento degli alunni, regolare la difficoltà in base alle conoscenze dell’allievo, utilizzare le nuove tecnologie e cercare di effettuare molta pratica ove è possibile. Questo insieme di attività permette a tutti gli allievi di cooperare insieme senza percepire le differenze.
In questo senso il pdp non è da considerarsi come un elenco di misure dispensative e strumenti compensativi, ma l’insieme delle strategie didattiche che permettono l’apprendimento avendo lo studente, con i suoi bisogni, al centro.
Il pdp o il pei, non devono essere visti come documenti che differenziano il proprio figlio dagli altri, ma che gli permettono di includerlo ed è nostro compito di genitori, collaborare con la scuola affinché questo strumento venga redatto nel modo migliore e variato anche durante l’anno se necessario.
La strada è ancora lunga, è vero, ma io ho grandi speranze e mi piace pensare all’inclusione come a una bolla con all’interno tante bollicine tutte diverse tra loro, ma che rendono l’insieme uno spettacolo straordinario.
Condividi!
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